Fintech Amsterdam

De Nederlandsche Bank handles prudential supervision: banks, insurers and firms in payments and clearing, granting market access through licenses, supervising capital requirements and approving certain takeovers. Banks requiring an ECB license are the exception, as everywhere in the euro area. The Autoriteit Financiële Markten handles conduct: orderly and transparent market processes, proper treatment of consumers, licenses for financial services and investment services and for managing regulated funds, plus transparency, market abuse and prospectus supervision.

The split is by function and not by institution, which means the same firm answers to both. A payment institution deals with DNB about its capital and its governance and with the AFM about how it treats its customers, and the two authorities have to coordinate because neither has the whole picture. For a firm used to one regulator, the practical consequence is two relationships to maintain and two sets of expectations to satisfy, with the compensation that each authority is specialized in what it asks about.

German firms comparing this to BaFin's integrated model need to account for the two separate supervisory relationships. The relevant supervisory responsibilities depend on the services a firm provides.

iDEAL carries roughly 70 percent of all online payments in the Netherlands, works account to account so the money moves directly from the payer's bank account at checkout, and is operated by Currence, whose members are the major Dutch banks. De Nederlandsche Bank has oversight of it.

iDEAL has started rebranding to iDEAL | Wero as the first step in a phased transition to Wero, the European digital wallet, with the co-branding stage having taken place during 2026 and merchants facing deactivation for non-compliance. Wero acquired iDEAL to get it.

A national scheme with 70 percent share is being replaced, because it only worked in one country, and a European alternative to the card networks needs reach. Germany is on the receiving end of the same project. Finance Loop covers it at Wero and Wero in Germany, with the instant payment background at instant payments in Europe.

When the Brexit transition ended, EU rules stopped EU investors from trading euro-denominated shares on London venues, and that business had to move. Amsterdam took most of it: trading on Euronext Amsterdam and the Dutch arms of CBOE and Turquoise jumped to around 9.2 billion euros a day in January 2021, more than four times the December figure, and Amsterdam became Europe's largest share trading center with about a fifth of the roughly 40 billion euros traded daily.

Amsterdam won it because the operational headquarters of Euronext are there, so the venues and their technology were already in the city. The business has stayed: Amsterdam has also gained ground in euro-denominated interest rate swaps, and the chief executive of Euronext has called the shift irreversible.

Amsterdam took cash equity trading and some swaps. Frankfurt has the European Central Bank, the largest German banks, Deutsche Börse and the derivatives market at Eurex, and it is where the European digital asset market infrastructure is being built. The two cities took different pieces of what left London. Finance Loop covers the Frankfurt side at trading in Frankfurt and capital markets in Frankfurt.

A crypto-asset service provider authorized by the AFM passports across the EU like any other, and the AFM keeps the register of licensed and notified firms. The Dutch starting position was a registration regime for crypto service providers that predated MiCA, so firms operating there had already dealt with a supervisor on these questions, and the transition was a change of regime and not a first encounter.

Finance Loop covers the regime at MiCA in Europe, the authorization at the CASP license and the venues at European crypto exchanges.

Payments, mostly, and the reason is the same one that produced iDEAL: the Netherlands is a trading nation with a small domestic market and an outward orientation, so a Dutch payments firm builds for cross-border use from the beginning. Adyen is one example of a Dutch payment company serving cross-border customers.

The second cluster is in trading technology, which followed the trading. A city hosting operations of Euronext and the Dutch arms of other venues has the engineering talent for market infrastructure, and that talent is available to anyone building a trading system, including for digital assets.

Finance Loop covers the European picture at fintech in Europe and payments in Europe.

Two authorities supervise the sector, dividing responsibilities through the Twin Peaks model. De Nederlandsche Bank supervises prudential matters for banks, insurers and firms in payments and clearing, granting licenses and supervising capital requirements. The Autoriteit Financiële Markten supervises conduct: market transparency, treatment of consumers, market abuse, prospectuses, and licensing for financial and investment services and for managing regulated funds. The same firm often answers to both, and the two authorities coordinate.

iDEAL is being phased into Wero, the European digital wallet, which acquired it. The rebranding to iDEAL | Wero began in 2026 as the first step, with a mandated co-branding stage during that year and deactivation for merchants who did not comply. iDEAL carries around 70 percent of Dutch online payments and is operated by Currence, whose members are the major Dutch banks, under the oversight of De Nederlandsche Bank. The transition is phased, so iDEAL continues to function during it.

For cash equities it took that position from London when the Brexit transition ended, because EU rules stopped EU investors trading euro-denominated shares on London venues. Volumes on Euronext Amsterdam and the Dutch arms of CBOE and Turquoise rose to around 9.2 billion euros a day in January 2021, more than four times December's figure, giving Amsterdam roughly a fifth of Europe's daily share trading. Amsterdam won it because the operational headquarters of Euronext are in the city. Derivatives, central banking and the largest banks remain elsewhere.

A crypto-asset service provider authorized by the AFM notifies the member states it intends to serve and operates there on the Dutch authorization, Germany included. National tax and consumer law does not travel with the passport, so a firm selling into Germany still deals with German rules on those points. Finance Loop covers the German side at MiCA in Germany.